Long-term performance evaluation of zero-valent iron amended permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation – A mechanistic approach     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2023,14(2):101494

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are used for groundwater remediation at contaminated sites worldwide. This technology has been efficient at appropriate sites for treating organic and inorganic contaminants using zero-valent iron (ZVI) as a reductant and as a reactive material. Continued development of the technology over the years suggests that a robust understanding of PRB performance and the mechanisms involved is still lacking. Conflicting information in the scientific literature downplays the critical role of ZVI corrosion in the remediation of various organic and inorganic pollutants. Additionally, there is a lack of information on how different mechanisms act in tandem to affect ZVI-groundwater systems through time. In this review paper, we describe the underlying mechanisms of PRB performance and remove isolated misconceptions. We discuss the primary mechanisms of ZVI transformation and aging in PRBs and the role of iron corrosion products. We review numerous sites to reinforce our understanding of the interactions between groundwater contaminants and ZVI and the authigenic minerals that form within PRBs. Our findings show that ZVI corrosion products and mineral precipitates play critical roles in the long-term performance of PRBs by influencing the reactivity of ZVI. Pore occlusion by mineral precipitates occurs at the influent side of PRBs and is enhanced by dissolved oxygen and groundwater rich in dissolved solids and high alkalinity, which negatively impacts hydraulic conductivity, allowing contaminants to potentially bypass the treatment zone. Further development of site characterization tools and models is needed to support effective PRB designs for groundwater remediation.  相似文献   

渤海湾周缘高温地热异常特征及深部热结构分析     

张健  何雨蓓  姜程浩  褚伟  方桂 《地球学报》2023,44(1):57-69

渤海湾周缘高温地热异常区是华北重要的地热资源区,研究其浅层高温地热异常及深层高温地热结构,是解决中国东部高温地热勘查开发瓶颈的重要基础,对加快构建东部现代能源体系、推进“双碳”目标进程具有重要的科学意义。利用最新的中国大陆岩石圈速度模型USTClitho2.0和航磁资料,在大地热流资料约束下,本文计算了渤海湾周缘浅层与深层高温热结构,结果表明:该区居里面平均深度20.8km,居里温度420℃,中、上地壳高温热结构与居里面起伏形态密切相关。上地壳生热率随深度增大而递减,反映了放射性生热元素向上迁移、在浅层富集的垂向分异特征。Moho面温度在600～800℃之间,岩石圈底界面1300℃等温面深度在66.3～97.5 km之间,平均值为76.8 km。依据USTClitho2.0模型Vp、Vs速度结构,本文修正了前人的地壳分层结构及上地壳生热率,计算了研究区内全部91个大地热流点的壳幔热流比,结果表明:Qc/Q=56.4%、Qm/Q=43.6%, Qc/Q>Qm/Q,显示该区为“热壳”结构。前人认为此区是“冷壳热幔”型热结构,本文的计算结果修正了前人的认识,指出上地壳层热流在地表总热流...  相似文献   

渭河盆地岩石圈热结构模拟及其对地热系统热源机理的启示     

芦佳飞  饶松  黄顺德  施亦做  胡圣标 《地球学报》2023,44(1):33-44

深部温度场与岩石圈热结构特征是认识地热系统深部热源机理的重要途径。本文在系统分析渭河盆地及其邻区现今大地热流特征基础上,基于旬邑—西峡宽角反射/折射地震测深剖面揭示的地壳分层结构,采用二维有限元方法,对渭北隆起、渭河盆地以及北秦岭构造带的深部温度场和岩石圈热结构开展数值模拟研究,在此基础上分析渭河盆地地热系统深部热源机理。结果表明,旬邑—西峡剖面上大地热流介于57.6～75.7mW/m²之间,平均为(70.4±4.7)mW/m²;地幔热流在29.5～38.6mW/m²之间,平均值为34.1mW/m²;莫霍面温度变化范围约在600～740℃之间;“热”岩石圈厚度约为95～110km。从渭北隆起—渭河盆地—秦岭造山带,大地热流、莫霍面温度和地幔热流值表现出低→高→低的变化规律,相应地“热”岩石圈厚度则表现出厚→薄→厚的变化趋势。渭河盆地地壳厚度减薄明显,莫霍面温度显著高于渭北隆起和秦岭造山带,暗示着渭河盆地地壳活动性显著。然而,从渭北隆起—渭河盆地—秦岭造山带,“热”岩石圈厚度变化范围不大,且渭河盆地内...  相似文献   

中深层套管式换热器可持续供热性能及优化设计研究     

刘俊  张育平  王沣浩  周聪  张代磊  刘博洋  薛宇泽  张英琛 《地球学报》2023,44(1):230-238

中深层套管式换热器的热提取具有“取热不取水”的特点,是我国北方地区稳妥推进中深层地热能供暖的重要技术之一。针对当前中深层套管式换热器在长期热提取期间供热性能不明的问题,本文基于可持续供热的运行特点,建立数值换热模型分析换热器水温、性能系数随运行年份的变化规律,并针对性地开展设计优化研究。结果表明:在可持续供热过程中,换热器水温在前5年的下降程度较为明显,运行至20年以后,基本不发生变化。换热器季节性能系数的下降程度受岩土体导热系数的影响较大,在1.5 W/(m·K)条件下的SPF₁、SPF₂分别下降11.50%和10.56%,在3.0 W/(m·K)条件下的SPF₁、SPF₂则分别下降4.73%和4.23%。岩土体导热系数越小,换热器供热性能的下降程度越明显。基于可持续供热性能的变化规律,提出以“准稳态特征年”的供热性能为基准进行设计,并综合考虑运行要求与节能性要求优化换热器的运行条件,明确了在不同地热特征参数、埋管深度下的最优运行流速与最佳供热负荷的分布情况,对中深层套管式换热器的高效可持续供热设...  相似文献   

The imprint of plants on ecosystem functioning: A data-driven approach     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

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藏南羊卓雍错湖面大气湍流特征观测分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

沈鹏珂  张雪芹 《湖泊科学》2019,31(1):243-255

湍流运动是大气边界层的本质特征，是地表与大气之间能量和物质交换的主要方式.本文利用2016和2017年4-10月藏南羊卓雍错湖泊涡动观测资料，分析了湖面大气湍流方差和湍流特征量的统计和变化特征.结果表明：（1）不稳定层结下，三维风速分量和超声虚温、水汽密度、CO₂密度的无量纲标准差随稳定度变化符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的"1/3"或"-1/3"次幂律，垂直风速的拟合效果最好；稳定层结下，除CO₂密度无量纲标准差与稳定度无明显关系外，其他量基本上满足相似性规律；中性条件下，以上物理量的无量纲标准差分别趋近常数：3.57、3.93、0.77、20.91、6.35和11.96.（2）水平方向平均湍流强度（0.60和0.58）大于垂直方向（0.13），三维方向湍流强度与平均风速的变化呈显著负相关，相关系数分别为-0.39、-0.42和-0.34.（3）湖面湍流动能随风速呈线性增长，增长率达0.45 m/s；近中性层结时湍流动能最大，层结越稳定或不稳定湍流动能均减小.（4）湖泊下午到傍晚动量输送较强，13：00-22：30时间段平均动量通量达0.091 kg/（m·s²）；热量输送以潜热为主，潜热通量日平均值（77.3 W/m²）是感热通量（14.6 W/m²）的5.3倍，感热和潜热通量日变化峰值分别出现在5：30（22.4 W/m²）和16：00（106.6 W/m²）.  相似文献   

不同强度冷空气对太湖水热交换的定量影响     

刘强  王伟  肖薇  荆思佳  张弥  胡勇博  张圳  谢燕红 《湖泊科学》2019,31(4):1144-1156

作为冷季主要的天气事件，冷空气过境会改变湖泊上方的气团性质，对湖泊的水热通量产生影响，进而影响湖泊的生物物理和化学过程.以亚热带大型浅水湖泊——太湖为研究对象，基于2012-2017年5个冷季（11月-翌年3月）的太湖中尺度通量网观测数据，量化不同强度冷空气（寒潮、强冷空气和较强冷空气）对太湖水热通量的影响.结果表明：在5个冷季中，寒潮、强冷空气和较强冷空气发生的总次数分别为4、11和33次，累积持续天数分别为14、31和78天.冷空气过境显著增强太湖的水热通量，3种冷空气过境使太湖的感热通量分别增至无冷空气时的10.3、6.0和4.3倍，潜热通量分别增至无冷空气时的4.0、2.1和2.7倍.虽然冷空气影响天数仅占冷季天数的16.4%，但对整个冷季的潜热和感热通量贡献分别为34.9%和51.7%，以较强冷空气贡献最大.冷空气影响时，水-气界面的温度梯度是太湖感热通量的主控因子，而潜热通量的主控因子为风速.与深水湖泊相比，太湖等浅水湖泊对冷空气过境的响应更快，寒潮过境时尤为明显.  相似文献   

Assessing the performance of a large-scale irrigation system by estimations of actual evapotranspiration obtained by Landsat satellite images resampled with cubic convolution     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2019

Remote sensing techniques allow monitoring the Earth surface and acquiring worthwhile information that can be used efficiently in agro-hydrological systems. Satellite images associated to computational models represent reliable resources to estimate actual evapotranspiration fluxes, ET_a, based on surface energy balance. The knowledge of ET_a and its spatial distribution is crucial for a broad range of applications at different scales, from fields to large irrigation districts. In single plots and/or in irrigation districts, linking water volumes delivered to the plots with the estimations of remote sensed ET_a can have a great potential to develop new cost-effective indicators of irrigation performance, as well as to increase water use efficiency. With the aim to assess the irrigation system performance and the opportunities to save irrigation water resources at the “SAT Llano Verde” district in Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was applied on cloud-free Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images, processed by cubic convolution resampling method, for three irrigation seasons (May to September 2006, 2007 and 2008). The model allowed quantifying instantaneous, daily, monthly and seasonal ET_a over the irrigation district. The comparison between monthly irrigation volumes distributed by each hydrant and the corresponding spatially averaged ET_a, obtained by assuming an overall efficiency of irrigation network equal to 85%, allowed the assessment of the irrigation system performance for the area served by each hydrant, as well as for the whole irrigation district. It was observed that in all the investigated years, irrigation volumes applied monthly by farmers resulted generally higher than the corresponding evapotranspiration fluxes retrieved by SEBAL, with the exception of May, in which abundant rainfall occurred. When considering the entire irrigation seasons, it was demonstrated that a considerable amount of water could have been saved in the district, respectively equal to 26.2, 28.0 and 16.4% of the total water consumption evaluated in the three years.  相似文献   

Asymptotic scale-dependent stability of surface quasi-geostrophic vortices: semi-analytic results     

G. Badin  F. J. Poulin 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2019,113(5-6):574-593

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Statistical analysis of surface urban heat island intensity variations: A case study of Babol city,Iran     

Qihao Weng  Mohammad Karimi Firozjaei  Amir Sedighi  Seyed Kazem Alavipanah 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2019,56(4):576-604

The urban heat island is considered as one of the most important climate change phenomena in urban areas, which can result in remarkable negative effects on flora, concentration of pollutants, air quality, energy and water consumption, human health, ecological and economic impacts, and even on global warming. The variation analysis of the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) is important for understanding the effect of urbanization and urban planning. The objective of this study was to present a new strategy based on the Shannon’s entropy and Pearson chi-square statistic to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the SUHII. In this study, Landsat TM, ETM+, OLI and TIRS images, MODIS products, meteorological data, topographic and population maps of the Babol city, Iran, from 1985 to 2017, and air temperature data recorded by ground recorder devices in 2017 were used. First, Single-Channel algorithm was used to estimate land surface temperature (LST), and the maximum likelihood classifier was employed to classify Landsat images. Then, based on LST maps, surface urban heat island ratio index was employed to calculate the SUHII. Further, several statistical methods, such as the degree-of-freedom, degree-of-sprawl and degree-of-goodness, were used to analyse the SUHII variation along different geographic directions and in various time periods. Finally, correlation between various parameters such as air temperature, SUHII, population variation and degree-of-goodness index values were investigated. The results indicated that the SUHII value increased by 24% in Babol over different time periods. The correlation coefficient yielded 0.82 between the values of the difference between the mean air temperature of the urban and suburbs and the SUHII values for the geographic directions. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the population variation and the degree-of-goodness index values reached 0.8. The results suggested that the SUHII variation of Babol city had a high degree-of-freedom, high degree-of-sprawl and negative degree-of-goodness.  相似文献